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Mental illness in fiction is perhaps most often covered by writers who have themselves had experience of mental illness, or experiences that are similar, for example the taking of psychotropic drugs.

A starting list might include:

• The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, a fictionalised account of her own struggles with depression

• Regeneration by Pat Barker, based on the historical experiences of the poet Siegfried Sassoon, explores shell-shock and other traumatic illnesses following World War I

• One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey is a classic, though arguably its subject is more mental institutions than illness itself, if the two can be separated.

• A Beautiful Mind - the movie was a fictionalised account of the schizophrenic mathematician, John Nash.

More recently, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time by Mark Haddon is written from the point of view of an autistic child.

Darkness Descending by Bethann Korsmit is about a man who suffers a mental breakdown and various other mental problems, and the people who help him to overcome the obstacles in his life.

• I Never Promised You a Rose Garden by Hannah Green (aka Joanne Greenberg)

• Saint Jude by Dawn Wilson

• Glimmer by Annie Waters

• Cut by Patricia Mccormick

• The Good Patient: A Novel by Kirsten Waterfield Duisberg

• Hard Candy: Nobody Ever Flies Over The Cuckoo’s Nest by Charles Carroll

• The Bird of Paradise by R. D. Laing, often available with his non-fiction essay The Politics of Experience about schizophrenia and hallucinogenic drugs

See also

• Mental illness in films

To Lose Weight

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Ingrid Bergman pin-up on the cover of Yank magazine

A pin-up girl or pin-up model is a model whose mass-produced pictures see wide appeal as pop culture. Pin-ups are intended for informal display. Pin-up girls are glamour models, fashion models, and actresses.

Pin-up may also refer to drawings, paintings and other illustrations done in emulation of these photos (see the List of pinup artists). The term was first attested to in English in 1941; however the practice is documented back at least to the 1890s. The pin up images could be cut out of magazines or newspapers, or be from postcard or chromo-lithographs, and so on. Such photos often appear on calendars, which are meant to be pinned up anyway. Later, posters of pin-up girls were mass-produced.

Many pin ups were photographs of celebrities who were considered sex symbols. One of the most popular early pin-up girls was Betty Grable. Her poster was ubiquitous in the lockers of G.I.s during World War II. Other pin-ups were artwork, often depicting idealized versions of what some thought a particularly beautiful or attractive woman should look like. An early example of the latter type was the Gibson girl, drawn by Charles Dana Gibson. The genre also gave rise to several well-known artists specializing in the field, including Alberto Vargas and George Petty, and numerous lesser artists such as Art Frahm.

The term “cheesecake” is synonymous with pin-up photo. The earliest documented print usage of this sense of cheesecake is in 1934 , predating pin-up, although anecdotes say the phrase was in spoken slang some 20 years earlier, originally in the phrase (said of a pretty woman) “better than cheesecake.” In the 1950s, for example, there was a magazine called Cheesecake that had a young Marilyn Monroe in a yellow bikini on its cover in 1953.

Famous pin-up girls

1910s and 1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

• Jami Deadly
• Heidi Van Horne
• Dolly Lamour
• Bernie Dexter
• Sabina Kelley
• Dita Von Teese
• Loulou von Brochwitz
• Rose McGowan

Other kinds of pin-ups

In comic books, a pin-up is simply a full-page piece of artwork, most often without dialogue, that showcases a character, group of characters, or significant event, published within a single issue or annual rather than made available by itself as a poster.

In professionally published fan magazines for films and television series, a posed photograph of actors or actresses from the subject matter, but might also showcase specific scenes from the subject matter in photograph form (called stills) are occasionally called pin-ups. The label is very casual, though, as these types of fan media are more accurately described as posters.

See also

• Irving Klaw
• Good girl art
• Bad girl art
• List of pinup artists
• Page three girl

References

1. ^ etymoline.com

movement

The Thomas B. Finan Center is a licensed 119-bed inpatient psychiatric hospital located in Cumberland, Maryland, which is operated by the state of Maryland.

The facility’s operating capacity is 114 beds and focuses on the adolescent (13-17), adult (18-64) and geriatric (65 and over or functional level) populations. It serves as an integral inpatient component in the network of mental health services for Washington, Allegany, Garrett and Frederick counties for adults and includes Carroll, Howard, and Montgomery counties for adolescents.

It is named for Thomas B. Finan, who was an attorney general for Maryland.

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USS General S. D. Sturgis (AP-137) at Yokohama in September 1945, behind dignitaries she carried to Japan for the Japanese surrender ceremony.
Career (U.S.)
Namesake:	Samuel Davis Sturgis
Builder:	Kaiser Co., Inc. Richmond, California
Laid down:	date unknown
Launched:	12 November 1943
Acquired:	31 March 1944
Commissioned:	10 July 1944
Decommissioned:	24 May 1946
In service:	after 24 May 1946 (Army) 1 March 1950 (MSTS)
Out of service:	1 March 1950 (Army) 28 May 1955 (MSTS)
Renamed:	SS Green Port
Reclassified:	T-AP-137, 1 March 1950
Identification:	Radio call sign: NJCO
Fate:	scrapped February 1980
General characteristics
Class and type:	General G. O. Squier-class transport ship
Displacement:	9,950 tons (light), 17,250 tons (full)
Length:	522 ft 10 in (159.36 m)
Beam:	71 ft 6 in (21.79 m)
Draft:	24 ft (7.32 m)
Propulsion:	single-screw steam turbine with 9,900 shp (7,400 kW)
Speed:	17 knots (31.5 km/h)
Capacity:	3,343 troops
Complement:	356 (officers and enlisted)
Armament:	4 × 5″/38 caliber guns 8 × 1.1″/75 AA guns 16 × 20 mm AA guns

USS General S. D. Sturgis (AP-137) was a General G. O. Squier-class transport ship for the U.S. Navy in World War II. She was named in honor of U.S. Army general Samuel Davis Sturgis. She was transferred to the U.S. Army as USAT General S. D. Sturgis in 1946. On 1 March 1950 she was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) as USNS General S. D. Sturgis (T-AP-137). She was later sold for commercial operation under the name SS Green Port, before being scrapped in 1980.

Operational history

General S. D. Sturgis was launched under Maritime Commission contract (MC #661) 12 November 1943 by Kaiser Co., Inc., Yard 3, Richmond, California; sponsored by Miss Rio Ivanhoe; acquired by the Navy 31 March 1944; placed in ferry commission 24 April 1944 for transfer to Portland, Oregon; decommissioned 25 May 1944; converted to a transport by Kaiser Co., Inc., Vancouver, Washington; and placed in full commission at Portland, Oreg., 10 July 1944, Comdr. D. S. Baker in command.

After shakedown calls at San Francisco and Los Angeles, General S. D. Sturgis arrived Seattle 10 August 1944 to embark cargo, troops, and passengers before getting underway 8 days later. She debarked troops and supplies at Honolulu 24 August and returned to San Francisco 2 September with hospital patients. From 27 September to 6 November the ship made one round-trip voyage from San Francisco to Pearl Harbor and one from Seattle before returning to San Francisco. She sailed from that port 16 November with troops and supplies bound for the Southwest Pacific. Touching Eniwetok 4 December and arriving at Ulithi 5 days later, she assumed duty there as a station receiving ship. General S. D. Sturgis carried part of Admiral Halsey’s Third Fleet staff via Eniwetok to Pearl Harbor, finally reaching Seattle 19 February 1945. From 6 April to 2 June she made a round-trip, troop-carrying voyage from San Francisco to Langemak Bay and Hollandia, New Guinea; and San Pedro, Leyte as the Pacific campaigns reached a climax.

She now headed for Europe, departing San Francisco 16 June for France. After embarking troops at Marseilles 9 July, she departed the next day to redeploy them in the Pacific. She arrived safely at Manila 20 August. After debarking her passengers, she made ready to sail to Tokyo. On 26 August—by this time painted in camouflage measure 32, design 13T—the Sturgis sailed out of Mailla with officers and officials of the United States, Australia, Canada, Netherlands East Indies, China, and the Philippines. The ship reached Tokyo Bay on 31 August; and two days later, the men carried by the Sturgis would be among the few who would witness the historic Japanese surrender ceremonies aboard Missouri. The ship was the only of her kind to be present in Tokyo Bay on Victory over Japan Day (2 September 1945), when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed.

The ship got underway 26 September for Seattle, arriving there 8 October. She then made three round-trip voyages from the West Coast to Japanese ports, supporting occupation troops before departing San Francisco on an around-the-world voyage calling at Manila, Singapore, Calcutta, and Port Said, and arriving New York 10 May 1946. She decommissioned 24 May 1946 and was delivered to WSA for peacetime operation as an Army transport.

Rebuilt to 12,349 gross tons, USAT General S. D. Sturgis made 21 voyages between Germany and the U.S. with displaced persons. Among these refugees was Mrs. Marion Matewosian, a 99-year-old Armenian woman, who arrived in New York on 1 October 1949. Matewosian was said, in contemporary news accounts, to be the oldest person to come to the U.S. under the displaced persons program.

In addition to its many trips to the U.S. with displaced persons, General S. D. Sturgis also delivered refugees to Australia, as well. The ship departed Genoa on one such mission with 860 displaced persons from Europe and arrived in Sydney on 14 May 1948. This voyage was one of almost 150 “Fifth Fleet” voyages by some 40 ships bringing refugees of World War II to Australia. General S. D. Sturgis made two more such trips herself, arriving in Sydney with 843 refugees on 21 May 1949, and with 1,309 on 17 April 1950.

In the midst of these treks, General S. D. Sturgis was reacquired by the Navy 1 March 1950, and was assigned to MSTS. Manned by civilians, she was re-designated T-AP-137, and continued the transportation of people fleeing the aftermath of the war.

On 8 July 1950, USNS General S. D. Sturgis arrived at Boston with 841 displaced persons from Europe (mostly Poland and Lithuania). On 24 March 1951, General S. D. Sturgis developed a leak on a trip to New York with 884 displaced persons aboard. The ship arrived at New York under her own power two days later. The ship was slated to carry 190 of its passengers on to New Orleans, but because of the inspection it was to undergo, transferred them to USNS General R. M. Blatchford to continue their journey.

As war broke out in Korea, General S. D. Sturgis took up the vital job of carrying U.N. troops to and from the Korean fighting. For the Korean War period, she sailed from New York to Bremerhaven and Mediterranean ports, embarking allied troops, and transported them to Pusan.

Following the Armistice, the transport rotated Greek, Turkish, Ethiopian, and Philippine troops in Korea, helping to maintain the high state of readiness among U.N. forces in that volatile land. During 1955, the ship made three voyages from New York to Bremerhaven, supporting American troops in Europe. She was placed in reduced operational status at New York 28 May 1955. General S. D. Sturgis was later returned to the Maritime Administration and was placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Beaumont, Texas, 22 August 1958, where she remained until 1967.

She was sold at that time to Central Gulf Steamship Corp. of New Orleans, who rebuilt her as a cargo ship. Renamed SS Green Port, she entered commercial service in June 1968. Green Port was laid up in San Francisco in 1979 and was scrapped at Kaohsiung, Taiwan in February 1980

General S. D. Sturgis received three battle stars for Korean War service.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Priolo, Gary P. (2007-07-13). “USS General S. D. Sturgis (AP-137), USAT General S. D. Sturgis, USNS General S. D. Sturgis (T-AP-137)”. NavSource Online. NavSource Naval History. http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/22/22137.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-16. 
2. ^ “Allied Ships Present in Tokyo Bay During the Surrender Ceremony, 2 September 1945″. Navy Department, Naval Historical Center. 2005-05-27. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq69-2.htm. Retrieved on 2007-01-13. 
3. ^ ^{a b} “Ship Descriptions - G”. The Ships List. http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsG.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-16. 
4. ^ “Refugee, 99, here cries ‘Thank God’; Spry Armenian Woman Lost 11 in Family During Her Wanderings in Europe” (fee). The New York Times: p. 9. 1949-10-02. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F15F63958107A93C0A9178BD95F4D8485F9. Retrieved on 16 November 2007 
5. ^ “Transport sails today; General S. D. Sturgis to Make Trip Around the World” (fee). The New York Times: p. 39. 1948-03-29. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A10FA3F5A107A93CBAB1788D85F4C8485F9 
6. ^ ^{a b c} Tündern-Smith, Ann (2006-12-31). “Ships of the Fifth Fleet”. FifthFleet.net. http://www.fifthfleet.net/pb/wp_6a2460ca/wp_6a2460ca.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-16. 
7. ^ “841 DP’s land at Boston; 368 from Poland included in the latest arrivals” (fee). The New York Times: p. 15. 1949-07-09. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70C14FB3A5A157B93CBA9178CD85F4D8485F9. Retrieved on 16 November 2007 
8. ^ “Leaking transport safe; Gen. Sturgis with 884 D. P.’s will make port today unaided” (fee). 1951-03-26. p. 41. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0711FC3955177B93C4AB1788D85F458585F9. Retrieved on 16 November 2007 

• This article includes text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.

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298 Baptistina is a Main belt asteroid which was discovered by Auguste Charlois on September 9, 1890 in Nice.

A 2007 study argued that 298 Baptistina may be the largest remnant of a 170 km (110 mile) parent asteroid that was destroyed in a collision with a smaller body some 160 million years ago, producing the Baptistina family of asteroids. Moreover, it was suggested that a fragment from this event eventually became the terrestrial impactor believed to have caused the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which killed off the Dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Concerns have been raised regarding the reputed link, in part because very few solid observational constraints exist of the asteroid or family. Indeed, it was recently discovered that 298 Baptistina does not share the same chemical signature as the source of the K-T impact. Although this finding may make the link between the Baptistina family and K-T impactor more difficult to substantiate, it does not preclude the possibility.

Although it has an orbit similar to the Flora family asteroids, 298 Baptistina was found to be an unrelated interloper.

boston celtics

Regular season

Season standings

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In

Starting pitchers

Relief pitchers

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Frank M. Pixley, founder of The Argonaut

Frank M. Pixley (January 31, 1825 - 1895) was an American journalist and politician who served briefly as the Attorney General of California.

Pixley was born in Westmoreland, Oneida, New York. He graduated from Hamilton College and studied law in Rochester, New York. In 1847, he was admitted to the Supreme Court of Michigan. Two years later he travelled to California during the Gold Rush, and spent two winters working mines on the Yuba River. He met and married Amelia Van Reynegom; the Pixleys lived in the North Beach area of San Francisco.

Pixley served as the 8th Attorney General of California, from 1860 to 1861. He fought in the Civil War alongside Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Cold Harbor. In 1868 he was the Republican candidate for Congress in California’s First District, losing to incumbent Samuel Beach Axtell by more than 3500 votes.

Pixley and Frank Somers founded The Argonaut in April, 1877. The Argonaut was considered one of the most important publications in California and it had a great deal of political influence. He was friends with former Governor of California John G. Downey, and after the tragic death of Downey’s wife introduced him to a much younger woman who wrote for The Argonaut, resulting in a minor scandal.

The town of Pixley, in Tulare County, California, is named after Frank Pixley.

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King Salmon, Alaska
Location of King Salmon, Alaska
Coordinates: 58°41?24?N 156°39?38?W? / ?58.69°N 156.66056°W? / 58.69; -156.66056
Country	United States
State	Alaska
Borough	Bristol Bay
Area
- Total	171.0 sq mi (442.8 km2)
- Land	169.6 sq mi (439.1 km2)
- Water	1.4 sq mi (3.6 km2)
Population (2000)
- Total	442
- Density	2.6/sq mi (1.0/km2)
Time zone	Alaska (AKST) (UTC-9)
- Summer (DST)	AKDT (UTC-8)
Area code(s)	907
FIPS code	02-39630

King Salmon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bristol Bay Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2000 census the population was 442. King Salmon is the borough seat of neighboring Lake and Peninsula Borough, but does not serve that purpose in its own borough, whose borough seat is in Naknek.

Geography

King Salmon is located on the north bank of the Naknek River on the Alaska Peninsula, about 25 km (15 miles) upriver from Naknek, near Naknek Lake.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 171.0 square miles (442.8 km²), of which, 169.6 square miles (439.1 km²) of it is land and 1.4 square miles (3.6 km²) of it (0.82%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 442 people, 196 households, and 105 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2.6 people per square mile (1.0/km²). There were 343 housing units at an average density of 2.0/sq mi (0.8/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 66.29% White, 1.13% Black or African American, 28.96% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 3.17% from two or more races. 0.45% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 196 households out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.4% were non-families. 41.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.17.

In the CDP the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 35.7% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 2.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 122.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 131.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $54,375, and the median income for a family was $64,375. Males had a median income of $45,000 versus $35,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,755. About 8.8% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

History

In the 1930s, the U.S. government built an air navigation silo at the site of present-day King Salmon. At the beginning of World War II, the U.S. Army Air Forces built an air base around the silo. It was maintained by the Civil Aeronautics Administration throughout the war.

In the 1940s and 1950s, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed a 25-km (15.5-mi) long road from King Salmon to Naknek. Other government agencies, such as the National Park Service, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and the United States Weather Bureau, built facilities at King Salmon. The King Salmon Inn opened in 1956.

King Salmon is now a government, transportation, and service and shipment center for the commercial red salmon and sport fishing industries.

The Air Force base was closed in 1993, and is kept in caretaker status by Anchorage-based Chugach Support Services.

References

1. ^ “American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 

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“The Leopard” from the 13th-century bestiary entitled “Rochester Bestiary.”

Detail from the 12th century Aberdeen Bestiary

A bestiary, or Bestiarum vocabulum is a compendium of beasts. Bestiaries were made popular in the Middle Ages in illustrated volumes that described various animals, birds and even rocks. The natural history and illustration of each beast was usually accompanied by a moral lesson. This reflected the belief that the world itself was the Word of God, and that every living thing had its own special meaning. For example, the pelican, which was believed to tear open its breast to bring its young to life with its own blood, was a living representation of Jesus. The bestiary, then, is also a reference to the symbolic language of animals in Western Christian art and literature.

Bestiaries were particularly popular in England and France around the 12th century and were mainly compilations of earlier texts. The earliest bestiary in the form in which it was later popularized was an anonymous 2nd century Greek volume called the Physiologus, which itself summarized ancient knowledge and wisdom about animals in the writings of classical authors such as Aristotle’s Historia Animalium and various works by Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Solinus, Aelian and other naturalists.

Following the Physiologus, Saint Isidore of Seville (Book XII of the Etymologiae) and Saint Ambrose expanded the religious message with reference to passages from the Bible and the Septuagint. They and other authors freely expanded or modified pre-existing models, constantly refining the moral content without interest or access to much more detail regarding the factual content. Nevertheless, the often fanciful accounts of these beasts were widely read and generally believed to be true. A few observations found in bestiaries, such as the migration of birds, were discounted by the natural philosophers of later centuries, only to be rediscovered in the modern scientific era.

Two illuminated Psalters, the Queen Mary Psalter (British Library Ms. Royal 2B, vii) and the Isabelle Psalter (State Library, Munich), contain full Bestiary cycles. That in the Queen Mary Psalter is in the “marginal” decorations that occupy about the bottom quarter of the page, and are unusually extensive and coherent in this work. In fact the bestiary has been expanded beyond the source in the Norman bestiary of Guillaume le Clerc to ninety animals. Some are placed in the text to make correspondences with the psalm they are illustrating.

The Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci also made his own bestiary.

The Aberdeen Bestiary is one of the best known of over 50 manuscript bestiaries surviving today.

Mediaeval bestiaries are remarkably similar in sequence of the animals of which they treat.

In modern times, artists such as Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Saul Steinberg have produced their own bestiaries. Jorge Luis Borges wrote a contemporary bestiary of sorts, the Book of Imaginary Beings, which collects imaginary beasts from bestiaries and fiction. Nicholas Christopher wrote a literary novel called “The Bestiary” (Dial, 2007) that describes a lonely young man’s efforts to track down the world’s most complete bestiary. Writers of Fantasy fiction draw heavily from the fanciful beasts described in mythology, fairy tales, and bestiaries. The “worlds” created in Fantasy fiction can be said to have their own bestiaries. Similarly, authors of fantasy role-playing games sometimes compile bestiaries as references, such as the Monster Manual for Dungeons & Dragons. It is not uncommon for video games with a large variety of enemies (especially RPGs) to include a bestiary of sorts. This usually takes the form of a list of enemies and a short description (e.g. the Metroid Prime and Castlevania games, as well as Dark Cloud and Final Fantasy).

Beasts

Monoceros and Bear. Bodleian Library, MS. Ashmole 1511, The Ashmole Bestiary, Folio 21r, England (Peterborough?), Early 13th century.

The Perindens Tree.

• Beasts
  • Lion
  • Lioness
  • Tiger
  • Pard
  • Panther
  • Antelope
  • Unicorn
  • Lynx
  • Gryphon
  • Elephant
  • Beaver
  • Ibex
  • Hyena
  • Bonnacon
  • Ape
  • Satyr
  • Deer
  • Tragelaphus
  • Goat
  • Wild goat
  • Monoceros
  • Bear
  • Leucrota
  • Crocodile
  • Manticore
  • Parandrus
  • Fox
  • Hare
  • Chameleon
  • Yale
  • Wolf
  • Dog
• Domestic beasts
  • Sheep
  • Wether
  • Lamb
  • Kid
  • He-goat
  • Sow
  • Boar
  • Bullock
  • Ox
  • Buffalo
  • Cow
  • Calf
  • Camel
  • Dromedary
  • Ass
  • Onager
  • Horse
  • Mule
• Small creatures
  • Badger
  • Cat
  • Mouse
  • Weasel
  • Mole
  • Dormouse
  • Hedgehog
  • Ant
  • Frog
• Birds
  • Eagle
  • Barnacle
  • Osprey
  • Water-ouzel
  • Coot
  • Vulture
  • Crane
  • Parrot
  • Charadrius
  • Stork
  • Heron
  • Swan
  • Ibis
  • Ostrich
  • Coot
  • Jackdaw
  • Halcyon
  • Phoenix
  • Cinnomolgus
  • Harz bird
  • Hoopoe
  • Pelican
  • Night-owl
  • Screech-owl
  • Sirens
  • Partridge
  • Magpie
  • Sparrowhawk
  • Hawk
  • Bat
  • Nightingale
  • Raven
  • Crow
  • Dove
  • Turtle-dove
  • Swallow
  • Quail
  • Goose
  • Peacock
  • Screech-owl
  • Hoopoe
  • Cock
  • Hen
  • Duck
  • Sparrow
  • Kite
  • Bee
• Serpent
  • Perindens
• Snakes and Reptiles
  • Serpent
  • Dragon
  • Basilisk
  • Viper
  • Asp
  • Scitalis
  • Amphisbaena
  • Hydrus
  • Boas
  • Jaculus
  • Siren
  • Seps
  • Dipsa
  • Lizard
  • Salamander
  • Saura
  • Newt
  • Snake
  • Scorpion
  • Horned Serpent
• Worm
• Fish
  • Fish
  • Aspidochelone
  • Whale
  • Serra
  • Dolphin

See also

• Allegory in the Middle Ages
• List of mediæval bestiaries

References

• “The Medieval Bestiary”, by James Grout, part of the Encyclopædia Romana.
• Payne, Ann. (1990) “Mediaeval Beasts.
• Hassig, Debra (1995) Medieval Bestiaries: Text, Image, Ideology.
• Hassig, Debra, ed. (1999) The Mark of the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature.
• Benton, Janetta Rebold. (1992) The Medieval Menagerie: Animals in the Art of the Middle Ages.
• George, Wilma and Brunsdon Yapp. (1991) The Naming of the Beasts: Natural History in the Medieval Bestiary.
• Clark, Willene B. and Meradith T. McMunn. (1989) The Bestiary and its Legacy.

Notes

1. ^ The Queen Mary psalter: a study of affect and audience By Anne Rudloff Stanton, p44ff, Diane Publishing

Ideal Body Weight Formula

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)

Grupo Colina was a paramilitary death squad created in Peru that was active from 1990 until 1994, during the administration of Alberto Fujimori. The group is known for committing several human rights abuses, including the Barrios Altos massacre, the La Cantuta massacre, and the Santa massacre, as well as the murder of Pedro Yauri.

Background

In 1980, Peruvian Maoist Abimael Guzman launched a guerrilla war with his group Shining Path. This war, as well as a war launched by the leftist group known as the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement continued into the 1990s, when Alberto Fujimori was elected president. It was then that suspected guerrillas and civilians began dying at the hands of Grupo Colina.

Investigations

When the Democratic Constitutional Congress investigated the La Cantuta massacre, Nicolás Hermoza Ríos, Commander General of the Armed Forces, put tanks on the streets and declared that he would not tolerate the Congress insulting the armed forces. The Congress largely backed down.

Later, some members of Grupo Colina were put on trial. Fujimori signed a controversial law that granted amnesty to anyone accused of, tried for, convicted of, or sentenced for human rights violations that were committed by the armed forces or police. When a court found this law unconstitutional, Fujimori signed a new law removing the right of judicial review over amnesty laws. This second law was known as the “Barrios Altos Law” because it ensured that those members of Grupo Colina who committed the Barrios Altos massacre would be freed. Eventually, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights struck down both amnesty laws.

Since the collapse of the Fujimori government, several people have been tried for Grupo Colina’s crimes, including Fujimori himself, who is being tried for the La Cantuta massacre and the Barrios Altos massacre. Other trials have established that Grupo Colina was not and informal group of renegade officers but an organic part of the Peruvian state. Julio Salazar, former de jure chief of the National Intelligence Service (SIN), was sentenced to thirty-five years of prison for his role in the La Cantuta massacre. During Salazar’s tenure at the SIN, Vladimiro Montesinos was the de facto SIN chief and national security advisor. Montesinos is currently imprisoned in the Callao Military Prison outside of Lima and faces over seventy trials for various human rights abuses, as well as charges of arms trafficking, drug trafficking, and political corruption. The operational chief of Grupo Colina, Santiago Martín Rivas, is also imprisoned.

Notes

1. ^ Sentencia Caso La Cantuta (Julio Ronald Salazar Monroe y otros) (Spanish)

See also

• Rodrigo Franco Command

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