Look up jd in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

JD or jd may stand for:

General usage

• Juris Doctor (J.D.), a law degree held by some lawyers in certain countries
• Jack Daniel’s, a whiskey distilled in Tennessee.
• Japan Airlines domestic service (IATA code)
• Janata Dal, a political party in India
• Julian day, the Julian day number (JDN) plus the decimal fraction of the day
• Jordanian dinar (official abbreviated JOD by the ISO 4217 currency cpde)
• Justice Department (animal rights), a name used by violent animal rights activists
• Juvenile delinquency
• Journal of Discourses, a historical periodical of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
• Judgment Dragon, a very powerful and sought after card from the Yu-Gi-Oh TCG
• JD’s a Bar/Honky-Tonk of Phoenix, Arizona (see Waylon Jennings)

Sports

• JD Sports, a sports shop, also known as JD Sports

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National Service (NS) is the name given to the compulsory conscription in Singapore of all male Singaporean citizens and second-generation permanent residents upon reaching the age of 18. They serve a two-year period as Full Time National Servicemen (NSFs) in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Singapore Police Force (SPF), or the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF).

When a conscript completes his full time service, he is considered to be “operationally ready”, and is thereafter known as an Operationally-Ready National Serviceman (NSman). NSmen are the equivalent of other militaries’ reservists. The difference in nomenclature is because the term Operationally-Ready National Servicemen conveys more importance than reservists and in the event of the breakout of war in Singapore, these NSmen will form the bulk of the defending forces under the SAF.

On an annual basis, NSmen go through either a high key training or a low key training until they reach the age of 40 or 50 depending on their rank. ‘High-key’ or intensive training involves operations and In-Camp Training (ICT), which last for seven days or longer. ‘Low-key’ training refers to a training duration of six days or less.

The overwhelming majority of conscripts serve in the Army, as part of the SAF. The reasons for this phenomenon include the relative manpower needs of the Army, compared with the other armed services, the SPF, and SCDF. Also, compared with the Army, the Air Force and Navy are smaller services composed primarily of regular servicemen. As their manpower needs tend to be more specialized, a constant turnover of staff would be very disruptive.

History

The NS (Amendment) act was passed on 14 March 1967, as the Singapore government felt that it was necessary to build a substantial military force. The country only had about 1000 soldiers at the time of independence. In the late 1960s, the British government had decided to withdraw its troops and bases East of Suez, which included the troops stationed in Singapore. That prompted the government to implement a conscription program for the country’s defence. It adopted a conscription model drawing on elements of the Swiss and Israeli national conscription schemes. This was done with the help of Israeli military advisers who were closely involved in the establishment of the Singapore armed forces.

The stated rationale behind conscription is two-fold. Firstly, because Singapore has a population of about 4 million (as of 2004), an army solely of regulars would be too small to defend the country. Secondly, national service is supposed to foster racial harmony among the Chinese, Malay, Indian, and other ethnic groups in the country by requiring all males to go through similar experiences and thus being able to identify themselves to share a common destiny of defending the nation.

However, Malays were virtually excluded from conscription from the beginning of the draft in 1967 until 1977 and, after the policy was eased, were assigned mainly to serve in the police and civil defence (fire brigade), not active combat roles. In 1987, Lee Hsien Loong (then Second Minister for Defence) stated that “If there is a conflict, if the SAF is called to defend the homeland, we do not want to put any of our soldiers in a difficult position where his emotions for the nation may be in conflict with his religion” and in The Roar of the Lion City (2007), military analyst Sean Walsh claimed that “official discrimination against the Malay population remains an open secret”. The Ministry of Defence contests the charge, noting that there are “Malay pilots, commandos and air defence personnel” and stating that “the proportion of eligible Malays selected for specialist and officer training is similar to the proportion for eligible non-Malays.”

Enlistment

Male Singaporean citizens and permanent residents who registered NRIC at 15 years old are required to register for National Service upon reaching the age of 16½ years, during which they would also be required to undergo a mandatory medical examination (PULHHEEMS) to determine their medical status, known as Physical Employment Status (PES), which is used as a guideline as to which vocation the person is placed in. Male children who take up permanent residency status through their permanent resident parent’s sponsorship will be required to serve National Service like other Singaporean males .

Exemptions are rare and are usually due to disability or serious medical conditions certified by the SAF Medical Board. One instance of rare cases of exemption would be if the enlistment would cause hardship to the enlistee’s family, be it financially or otherwise, although this particular exemption is rarely granted.

They are then called up for enlistment at the age of 18, although most Singaporean males would usually choose to complete their tertiary education in the respective Polytechnics, High Schools, Junior Colleges, Pre-University courses or other institutions before commencing the mandatory duration in which they are required to serve. Those who voluntarily opt for early enlistment with the consent of their parents are allowed to commence full-time national service at the age of 16½.

The duration of the conscription for a typical Singaporean male usually spans over a period of 2 or 2½ years depending on his educational qualifications. As an incentive of some sort, the duration may be cut by a further 2 months, if potential enlistees are able to obtain a silver or gold for their physical fitness test (NAPFA) prior to enlistment. The duration of National Service has since undergone some minor changes and it now stands at a period of 1 years 10 months to a maximum of 2 years.

It is worth noting that even after the reductions in service duration made in 2004, Singapore continues to have the longest conscription period in the whole of Asia (South Korea will be reducing conscription to 18 months from 2012) and second to Israel and Armenia, has the longest legislated/involuntary military service in the world.

Refusal to serve and conscientious objection

Those who are liable to serve national service, but refuse to, are charged under an Enlistment Act. If convicted, face imprisonment for a period of three years and a fine of S$10,000. Controversy arose when the penalties were increased in January 2006 after Melvyn Tan, who was born in Singapore, received a fine for defaulting on his National Service obligations. Tan left for London to study music during his enlistment age and later acquired British nationality. In parliament, Defence Minister Teo Chee Hean provided some illustration of the punishments defaulters would face:

• Where the default period exceeds two years but the defaulter is young enough to serve his full-time and operationally ready NS duties in full, MINDEF will press for a short jail sentence.
• Where the defaulter has reached an age when he cannot serve his full-time NS in a combat vocation or fulfil his operationally ready NS obligations in full, a longer jail sentence to reflect the period of NS he has evaded may be appropriate.
• Where the defaulter has reached an age when he cannot be called up for NS at all, a jail sentence up to the maximum of three years may be appropriate.

Each year, a small number of people are convicted for their failure to enlist or refusal to serve in the military. Most of them are Jehovah’s Witnesses, who are usually court-martialled and sentenced to three years of imprisonment, although they are usually held in a low security detention facility and separated from other military offenders. The government doesn’t consider Conscientious objection to be a legal reason for refusal to serve NS. Since 1972, Jehovah’s Witnesses as a religious group have been banned from Singapore.

Economic and social impact

There have been reports of reservists who were denied job opportunities because of their NS commitments. Among some Singaporeans, there is a sense of dissatisfaction with regard to the foreigners who do not have to serve NS, but are able enjoy the fruits of Singapore’s economic success.

Type of services

Military service

There are several types of Basic Military Training (BMT) conducted by the SAF at its BMT Centre on Pulau Tekong, which is an island off the north-east coast of Singapore. Medically fit NSFs undergo a 10-week Enhanced BMT program. Those from lower educational backgrounds undergo a similar program (Standard BMT program), but without a Sit Test (Situational Test), which is a test used to assess trainees for posting to command schools like the School of Infantry Specialists (SISPEC) and Officer Cadet School (OCS), occasionally a select few will later be posted to the Police service for training as an Inspector. Only a few from lower education backgrounds are selected to undergo the Sit Test model.

NSFs who are less medically fit, depending on their particular medical condition, either have to go a 7-week Modified BMT or just a 1-week induction program for recruits with certain medical conditions. NSFs who are medically fit, but have failed the pre-enlistment Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT), will have to undergo an additional 4-week Physical Training Phase (PTP), making it a 13-week BMT program for them. Conscripts who are considered medically obese go through special BMT programs, depending on the severity of their obesity, with the longest BMT program lasting 4 months (16 weeks) for the most obese trainees. The obesity of a conscript is determined by his Body Mass Index (BMI) during the pre-enlistment medical checkup. A BMI of 27.5 and above is considered indicative of obesity, as opposed to the WHO’s guideline of 30 and above.

Medically fit NSmen also have to take the IPPT every year as part of their training program.

Police Service

Though a majority will serve in the army for their National Service, a considerable number of enlistees will serve their NS years in the Police Force. For those who are chosen to serve in the Police Force, they will undergo training at the Home Team Academy where they will study the Penal code and standard police protocol. After training at the Academy, they will be posted to various Departments of the Force eg. Special Operations Command (SOC), Logistics, Land divisions, Airport Police, etc. Those who are posted to the Police Coast Guard (PCG) or Police KINS will undergo further training. Selection of Officer Cadets (OCTs) to undergo the NS Police Inspector Course (NSPI) is a stringent process for Police National Servicemen (Full-time). Usually, a very small number (ie 3) from each cohort will be selected, with the majority of the OCTs being the Singapore Armed Forces’ National Servicemen (Full-time) who have completed their Basic Military Training (BMT).

Civil Defence Service

The SCDF is the emergency rescue force of Singapore and they provide firefighting, rescue and ambulance services, and has been one of the three National Service postings since 1972. Those who are enlisted into the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) will typically undergo 7 weeks of training at the Basic Rescue Training Centre (BRTC), where they will be given basic rescue training (BRT), exposed to regimental discipline and trained to maintain a level of fitness required of all NSFs in Singapore.

Much alike the SAF’s SISPEC course, selected NSFs are also posted to the Civil Defence Academy (CDA) to undergo the Firefighter Course (FFC) or the Emergency Response Specialist Course (ERSC) within the first two weeks of their BRT stage, passing out as Firefighters for FFC trainees, and as Fire & Rescue Specialists for ERS trainees who would also simultaneously be conferred with the Sergeant rank (Firefighters mostly pass out as Privates prior to station posting). Firefighters would typically be posted out to the various fire stations island-wide after passing out, while Fire & Rescue Specialists would be posted as Section Commanders at territorial division, fire stations or at the Special Rescue Battalion; a small number may also be posted as Instructors back in the CDA to staff the Command & Staff Training Wing.

While a certain level of health and fitness pre-requisites are expected by both the FFC and ERSC administrators before one can be selected for the aforementioned courses, admission into the ERS course typically requires a certain added set of added qualifications, namely either a minimum of a GCE ‘A’ Level certificate, a Polytechnic Diploma or a Higher Nitec Certificate. These added pre-requisites are viewed as necessary in light of a Section Commander’s operational and administrative role when posted out. One marked difference between the FFC and ERSC is the added rescue and emergency training received by ERS Specialist Cadet Trainees (SCTs), as well as the General Command & Control Term which includes the Basic Home Team Course held at the Home Team Academy and an outward-bound Brunei trip which serves to equip and develop the necessary leadership skills required of a specialist junior officer. In terms of administration and duration, the FFC is under the charge of the Firefighting Training Wing (FFTW) and lasts for three months while the ERSC is under the purview of the Command & Staff Training Wing (CSTW) and lasts for six months.

In addition, there is also the Basic Officer Course under the charge of the CSTW designed to train NSFs and regulars as Senior Officers of the SCDF, with NSFs graduating as Lieutenants (LTA). While the BOC is traditionally largely made up of NSFs from the SAF who had just completed their Basic Military Training (BMT) at Tekong, the top 5-10% of the ERSC will also be offered to cross-over to the Basic Officer Course (BOC) to be trained and commissioned as Senior Officers after passing out, spending the last three months of the BOC together with Officer Cadet Trainees (OCTs).

For NSFs who undergo the full 7-week basic rescue training at the BRTC, they will subsequently be posted and trained to become Medical Orderly (Medics), Dog Handlers, Provosts, Infocomm & Logistics Specialists or Instructors (such as Physical Training Instructors or PTIs) among many other vocations upon passing out from the BRTC.

Humanitarian efforts

Some NSFs have participated in the humanitarian efforts following the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, 2005 Kashmir Earthquake, and the 2006 South of Java Island Tsunami.

References in arts and popular culture

Film

• Army Daze (1996)

Theatre

• Army Daze (1987, 2006)
• Full Tank! (2008)
• Radio Silence (Stageplay) (2008)
• Botak Boys (2008)

See also

• Awards For Singapore National Serviceman

References

1. ^ A Deep, Dark, Secret Love Affair, by Amnon Brazilai (reprint), Haaretz, July 2004.
2. ^ ^{a b} A Question of Loyalty: Ethnic Minorities, Military Service and Resistance by Alon Peled, March 3, 1993. Seminar Synopses of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard.
3. ^ Straits Times, 2 April 1987.
4. ^ Sean Walsh (2007). “The Roar of the Lion City: Ethnicity, Gender, and Culture in the Singapore Armed Forces”. Armed Forces & Society 33 (2): 265. doi:10.1177/0095327X06291854. 
5. ^ “US soldier takes potshots at SAF”. Today. 2007-03-12. http://www.todayonline.com/articles/176695print.asp. Retrieved on 2008-09-17. 
6. ^ MINDEF Services > Medical Referral Management System > FAQ
7. ^ MINDEF - News - Ministerial Statement on Full-time National Service Duration
8. ^ Ministry of Defence (Singapore) (16 January 2006). Ministerial Statement on National Service Defaulters by Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean. Press release. http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2006/jan/16jan06_nr.html#Review%20of%20Enlistment%20Act. 
9. ^ Farah Abdul Rahim (2006-01-16). “Government to impose stiffer penalties for NS defaulters”. Channel NewsAsia. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/188471/1/.html. 
10. ^ “Refusing to Bear Arms: A worldwide survey of conscription and conscientious objection to military service : Singapore”. War Resisters’ International. 1998-10-03. http://www.wri-irg.org/co/rtba/singapore.htm. 
11. ^ Sylvester Lim Teck Hee (2006-11-20). “NS stint may hinder job prospects for S’poreans (letter)” (reprint). The Straits Times. http://commentarysingapore.blogspot.com/2006/11/ns-and-employment.html. 
12. ^ Seah Chiang Nee (2006-08-27). “Of historical proportion”. The Sunday Star. http://www.littlespeck.com/content/people/CTrendsPeople-060827.htm. 
13. ^ MINDEF - News - Revision of National Service Allowance (16 May 02)
14. ^ “Types of BMT Training”. About BMT. Ministry of Defence (Singapore). 13 November 2006. http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/army/About_BMT/Types_of_BMT_Training.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-06. 

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This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008)

Maturation promoting factor (abbreviated MPF, also called mitosis-promoting factor or M-Phase promoting factor) is a heterodimeric protein composed of cyclin B and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1, also known as Cdc2 or p34 kinase) that stimulates the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. MPF promotes the entrance into mitosis from the G2 phase by phosphorylating multiple proteins needed during mitosis. MPF is activated at the end of G₂ by a phosphatase, which removes an inhibitory phosphate group added earlier.

MPF is made of 2 subunits:

• a subunit that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to specific serine and threonine residues of specific proteins (kinase activity)
• cyclin, a regulatory subunit

Targets of MPF include:

• condensins, which enable chromatin condensation (see prophase)
• various microtubule-associated proteins involved in mitotic spindle formation
• lamins, interaction contributing to degradation of the nuclear envelope
• Histones, H1 and H3
• Golgi matrix, to cause fragmentation

Inhibition of myosin

MPF phosphorylates inhibitory sites on myosin early in mitosis. This prevents cytokinesis. When MPF activity falls at anaphase, the inhibitory sites are dephosphorylated and cytokinesis proceeds.

Activation of MPF

MPF must be activated in order for the cell to transition from G2 to M phase. There are 3 amino acid residues responsible for this G2 to M phase transition. The threonine 161 (Thr-161) on cdk1 must be phosphorylated by a Cyclin Activating Kinase (CAK). CAK only phosphorylates Thr-161 when cyclinB is attached to cdk1.

In addition, two other residues on the cdk1 subunit must be activated. cdc25 removes a phosphate on residues Threonine-14 (Thr-14) and Tyrosine-15 (Tyr-15) and adds a hydroxy group. CyclinB/cdk1 activates cdc25 resulting in a positive feedback loop.

During G1 and S phase, the MPF subunit cdk1 is inactive due to an inhibitory enzyme, Wee1. Wee1 phosphorylizes the Thr-14 and Tyr-15 residues. During the transition of G2 to M phase, MPF inhibits Wee1, again resulting in a positive feedback loop.

Disassembly by APC

MPF is disassembled when anaphase-promoting complex (APC) polyubiquitinates cyclin B, marking it for degradation in a negative feedback loop. As the concentration of CyclinB/cdk1 increases, the heterodimer promotes APC to polyubiquitinate CyclinB/cdk1.

Regulator of Cell Cycle

In 1971, two independent teams of researchers (Yoshio Masui and Clement Markert, as well as Dennis Smith and Robert Ecker) found that frog oocytes arrested in G2 could be induced to enter M phase by microinjection of cytoplasm from oocytes that had been hormonally stimulated. Because the entry of oocytes into meiosis is frequently referred to as oocyte maturation, this cytoplasmic factor was called maturation promoting factor (MPF). Further studies showed, however, that the activity of MPF is not restricted to the entry of oocytes into meiosis. To the contrary, MPF is also present in somatic cells, where it induces entry into M phase of the mitotic cycle .

In 2007, Serbian Biologist Nebojsa Lekovic discovered the individual components of MPF: CDC 20, CDC 25 and cyclin A and B.

The MPF is also called the M phase kinase because of its ability to phosphorylate target proteins at a specific point in the cell cycle and thus controlling their ability to function. The MPF has two subunits: The Cyclins and the Cyclin dependent Kinases(CDK) The cyclins are the regulatory subunits that are necessary for the kinase to function with appropriate substrate. The mitotic cyclins can be grouped as cyclins A & B. The CDK is the catalaytic subunit which phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in target proteins.

Role of MPF

The MPF is a heterodimeric protein that act as the B type cyclins. These cyclins have a nine residue sequence in the N- terminal region called as the “destruction box”, which can be recognized by the ubiquitin ligase enzyme and thus destroys the cyclins. In intact cells, cyclin degradation begins shortly after the onset of anaphase (late anaphase), the period of mitosis when sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite spindle poles.

Biochemical studies with Xenopus egg extracts showed that after their synthesis, wild-type mitotic cyclins are modified by addition of ubiquitin, a highly conserved, 76-residue protein. Covalent attachment of chains of ubiquitin, a process called polyubiquitination, marks proteins for rapid degradation in eukaryotic cells by proteasomes, multiprotein cylindrical structures containing numerous proteases

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Railways Stadium

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Railways Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kabwe, Zambia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as the home for Kabwe Warriors Football Club. The stadium holds 10,000 people.

This article about an Zambian sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_Stadium”
Categories: Football venues in Zambia | African sports venue stubs | Zambia stubsHidden categories: Zambia articles missing geocoordinate data

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vtek

Anthony Kearns (born 17 August 1971, Kiltealy, County Wexford, Ireland) is a founding member of the Irish Tenors, along with Ronan Tynan and John McDermott.

Early career

He was one of six children in a musical family, played the accordion and sang traditional Irish songs with his family. He attended Bunclody Secondary School, then studied catering and hotel management.. He achieved professional success at the age of 18, after entering a national vocal competition, the only competitor not to have had formal training. He won the event, singing The Impossible Dream and Danny Boy. He began training with vocal coach Veronica Dunne and in 1993 went on to win national vocal competition, “Ireland’s Search for a Tenor”. After that he relinquished his various day jobs to pursue a full-time career in music.

Irish Tenors

Kearns, Tynan and John McDermott were brought together for a concert at the Royal Dublin Society in 1998. The concert was broadcast on the American Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in 1999 and the group found itself in huge demand for concerts across the Atlantic. After only a few months of international prominence, McDermott had left the group, to be replaced by Wright. The group continues to tour and record and each member also continues with solo projects.

References

1. ^ “Anthony Kearns biography”. Anthony Kearns official website. http://anthonykearns.tripod.com/AJKBIO.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. 
2. ^ ^{a b} “The Irish Tenors Lyrics and Biography”. Musician Guide. http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608003200/The-Irish-Tenors.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. 

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‘Lawh-i-Qad-Ihtaraqa’l-Mukhlisun,’ better known as the Fire Tablet, is a tablet written in Arabic by Bahá’u'lláh, founder of the Bahá’í Faith in ‘Akká in 1871. Bahá’u'lláh wrote the tablet in response to questions by a Bahá’í believer from Iran. The authorized English translation was done in 1980 by Habib Taherzadeh and a Committee at the Bahá’í World Centre.

The tablet is written in rhyming verse, has the form of a conversation between Bahá’u'lláh and God, and reflects the sufferings of Bahá’u'lláh. Bahá’ís often recite this tablet in times of difficulty.

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Taherzadeh, pg. 226.
2. ^ Taherzadeh, pg. 227.

References

• Bahá’u'lláh (1862). The Fire Tablet. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá’í Publishing Trust: 1991. ISBN 0877432856. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/c/BP/bp-174.html. 

• Taherzadeh, A. (1984). The Revelation of Bahá’u'lláh, Volume 3: `Akka, The Early Years 1868-77. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0853981442. http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha’i/Others/ROB/V3/Cover.html. 

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Majayahan
Country	Somalia
Region	Western Bari
District
Time zone	East Africa Time (UTC+3)

Majayahan (also known as Majiyahan) is mining town in Western Bari region of Somalia, a territory disputed by the autonomous Maakhir and Puntland administrative regions.

The Town experience heavy fighting in 2006 between large Warsangeli militia and Puntland Militia as the later wanted to explore the town for its natural resources.

ws-65413 bulb replacement

The DB Class V 60 is a German diesel locomotive operated by the Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) and later, the Deutsche Bahn AG (DB AG), which is used particularly for shunting duties, but also for hauling light goods trains. Seventeen locomotives were bought used by the Norwegian State Railways and designated NSB Di 5. Also the Yugoslav Railways bought used units, and designated them JŽ 734; they were subsequenty designated Series 2133 by the Croatian Railways.

History

The DB had a shortage of small shunters. As a result, in 1951, a diesel shunter was designed, almost all the major locomotive firms being involved in its development and production. The new class was initially called the V 60. In 1955 the first prototype locomotives, V 60 001–004, were delivered by Krupp, Krauss-Maffei, Mak and Henschel, each having different engines. Later that same year orders for the first production locomotives were issued; they were to have GTO 6 or GTO 6A motors from Maybach. Several of the locomotives were given a stronger frame and had a higher adhesive weight of 53 tonnes instead of 48.3–49.5 tonnes. In addition these engines could carry up to an extra 6 tonnes of ballast for heavy duties, however they continued to be classed as V 60s. A total of 942 locomotives of this class were built. In 1968 the V 60s, like all other DB locomotives were given computer readable numbers. At this point the class was divided into Classes 260 (light variant) and 261 (heavy variant).

Norwegian State Railways

In the 1980s, the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) saw a need for shunters to replace the aging Di 2 units and chose to buy seven used V 260 from DB in 1985 and given the designation NSB Di 5. Two years later NSB bought another ten units, but one of them was only used for spare parts. The locomotives were numbered 5.861–877. They were scrapped between 1996 and 1998—none have been preserved.

Croatian Railways

In 1985, the Yugoslav Railways (JŽ) bought some used locomotives. They were designated JŽ 734. After the split, they were transferred to the Croatian Railways and designated Class 2133. There were two subtypes: 2133-0 with traction effort 118 kN, and 2133-1 with traction effort 132 kN.

Technology

The V 60 (260/261) is 10.45 metres long and can run at speeds of up to 60 km/h. The frame is fully welded. The transmission is under the driver’s cab, which itself is not quite in the centre of the vehicle. Under the front end is the motor and cooling system, under the rear end the brake compressor and main air reservoir, the fuel system and a tank. The driver’s cab is sound-proofed, the footplate is at the front and the loco can be operated from either side.

The drive is achieved using a 12 cylinder Maybach GT06-diesel motor capable of producing 478 kW (650 PS). This engine is a evolutionary development of the type G05, which was installed from 1932 in various railcars including the Flying Hamburger. The locomotive is driven by means of a hydraulic transmission by Voith via a jackshaft and coupling rods to the three axles, a concept that had also been used on earlier shunting engines such as the Class V 36. The centre axle has about 30 millimeters of side play. Between the second and third axle there is a jack shaft. The locomotives have shunting and running gears.

In order to start the diesel motor, it has to be pre-heated. The first batches had a small coke oven (later ones used an oil burner) and, for that reason, the locomotive carried up to 150 kg of coke. The Class 362/363 engines had an electrically-controlled preheater and heat retention system.

The locomotives had a compressed air through brake, an auxiliary brake and a hand brake that braked the third axle.

Operations

Class 261 (V 60) in 1984 at Uelzen

The engines were not just used for shunting, but also for light goods and passenger train services. They were even employed hauling departmental trains.

After the V 60 had been in service for about 25 years, in 1982 the DB tested a variety of shunting engines under the Class 259, which were to be the successors of the V 60. They were unable to decide on one, however, so that in the following years several measures were carried out in order to improve the economy of the V 60.

In 1987 the engine was classified as a minor locomotive (Kleinlok) and reclassified. Class 260 became Class 360 and the 261s became 361s. Its categorisation as a Kleinlok saved staff costs, because the railway no longer had to employ “engine drivers”, only “Kleinlok operators”, whose training was cheaper. The installation of radio control enabled one-man shunting movements using remote control; the fully radio controlled models were called the Class 364 (light class) or 365 (heavy class), however the only loco in Class 364 was soon renumbered to 365 700.

Since 1997 the Maybach motors have been replaced during refurbishment by Caterpillar 12-cylinder engines generating 465 kW (632 PS), this conversion only being done on engines with radio control. These locos are designated as Class 362 (light variant) and 363 (heavy variant).

In 2001 one engine was equipped with a Caterpillar V8 engine run on natural gas and tested in the Munich area; it was designated as Class 760. It has since been scrapped.

Y60 diesel locomotive A-104 of OSE at Thessaloniki New Passenger Station, Greece.

Of the 942 locomotives originally supplied to the DB, many are still active. Those without radio control were gradually retired by early 2003, of the radio controlled locos around 400 were still working for the DB in 2004, several of which have ended up in private or industrial railways in Germany and elsewhere, as well as the state railways in Turkey, the former Yugoslavia (e.g. the Croatian Railways HŽ series 2133) and Norway (17 engines as NSB Di 5). In 2008 over 70 were owned by German private and industrial lines, of which the majority were working in construction logistics and in local goods services.

Locomotive number 362 362 is the first V 60, that has clocked up 50 years of services in the DB/DBAG - it entered service on 12 April 1957 and is currently (2008) the third oldest locomotive in DB AG service.

Identical or similar locos were and are also used by other state railways. As early as the 1960s they were delivered to places like Greece (Hellenic State Railways) or Turkey, or built under licence as in Belgium. Even Israel ran very similar engines.

The museum locomotive V 60 150 was burnt up in the great fire at the Nuremberg Transport Museum’s locomotive shed.

Sources

• Arno Bretschneider, Manfred Traube, Die Baureihe V 60. Das Arbeitstier der DB, Eisenbahn-Kurier Verlag, Freiburg, 1997, ISBN 3-88255-804-0
• Horst J. Obermayer: Taschenbuch Deutsche Diesellokomotiven. Mit Kleinlokomotiven. Franckh, Stuttgart 1972, ISBN 3-440-03932-3
• Rolf Löttgers: Bundesbahn-Rangierhobel. Eisenbahn Magazin 9/2007, S. 60–62

References

1. ^ Norwegian Railway Club. “Di 5 - C”. http://forsk.njk.no/mdb/mdb.php?hid=117&aut=&eng=1. Retrieved on 10 April 2009. 
2. ^ Vgl. Högemann, Stefan: V 60-West im Einsatz bei NE-Bahnen (mit Einsatzliste der Privatbahnen), in: Bahn-Report, Heft 1/2009, S.28-29, ISSN 0178-4528

See also

• List of DB locomotives and railcars
• List of Deutsche Bahn AG locomotives and railbuses

How To Lose Body Fat Quickly

pillowcase

In Torment in Hell
Studio album by Deicide
Released	Sept 25 2001
Recorded	at Morrisound Recording from April 9-13, 2001
Genre	Death metal
Length	30:59
Label	Roadrunner Records
Producer	Deicide
Professional reviews
Allmusic link
Deicide chronology
Insineratehymn (2000) In Torment in Hell (2001) The Best of Deicide (2003)

In Torment in Hell is the sixth studio album by the American death metal band Deicide. The Album Cover uses the same Symbol from Insineratehymn This album receives a strong amount of criticism from the metal underground for what many critics’ view as rushed production and lackluster songwriting. There were even rumors circulating around the internet that the band had simply done a bad record in order to get kicked off their label, Roadrunner Records, however there is no proof of this. Along with the label pressuring them for a quick follow-up to Insineratehymn, Deicide failed to meet the deadline of its original release date July 31. The band rarely plays any songs from this album live.

Track listing

1. “In Torment in Hell” – 4:02
2. “Christ Don’t Care” – 2:51
3. “Vengeance Will Be Mine” – 4:24
4. “Imminent Doom” – 3:41
5. “Child of God” – 3:35
6. “Let It Be Done” – 3:34
7. “Worry in the House of Thieves” – 4:16
8. “Lurking Among Us” – 4:36

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